Cov kev cai tshwj xeeb rau kev kuaj hluav taws xob ntawm lub valve compression cam khwb cia steel valve cam khwb cia steel zoo li yuav tsum tau ua

Cov kev cai tshwj xeeb rau kev ntsuam xyuas hluav taws xob ntawm lub valve compression cam khwb cia steel valve cam khwb cia steel zoo li yuav tsum tau Cov kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab tau muab faib ua tsib pawg: huab cua qhov, xuab zeb thiab slag suav nrog, qhov shrinkage thiab porosity, sab hauv chiller unfused thiab tawg. Lub qhov hws ntawm qhov tsis xws luag hauv qhov chaw kho vuam ntawm qhov tsis zoo tuaj yeem suav tias yog qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm qhov tsis xws luag, thaum lub slag nyob rau hauv qhov chaw kho vuam tsis yaj thiab tsis welded los ntawm yuav suav tau tias yog cov slag suav nrog cov khoom tsis xws luag. . Qhov loj me me yog ntsuas raws li qhov loj ntawm cov duab tsis xws luag ntawm zaj duab xis. Yog lawm. Rau qhov shrinkage kab noj hniav, tsuas yog qhov loj ntawm qhov pom tseeb ntawm txhua qhov tsis xws luag yog ntsuas, tsis yog qhov loj ntawm cov duab ntxoov ntxoo ib puag ncig. Thaum ob lossis ntau qhov tsis xws luag ib feem sib tshooj ntawm zaj duab xis, lawv qhov ntev yuav tsum tau ntsuas nyias. Kev sib txuas: Cov kev xav tau tshwj xeeb rau kev kuaj hluav taws xob ntawm lub valve compression steel castings (II) 5. Kev faib tawm thiab kev ntsuam xyuas cov qauv ntawm cov duab hluav taws xob tsis zoo 5.1 Kev faib tawm tsis zoo thiab ntsuas qhov loj 5.1.1 Casting defects ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab tuaj yeem muab faib ua tsib pawg: huab cua qhov, xuab zeb. thiab slag suav nrog, shrinkage qhov thiab porosity, sab hauv chiller unfused thiab tawg. Lub qhov hws ntawm qhov tsis xws luag hauv qhov chaw kho vuam ntawm qhov tsis zoo tuaj yeem suav tias yog qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm qhov tsis xws luag, thaum lub slag nyob rau hauv qhov chaw kho vuam tsis yaj thiab tsis welded los ntawm yuav suav tau tias yog cov slag suav nrog cov khoom tsis xws luag. . 5.1.2 Qhov loj me me yog ntsuas raws li qhov loj ntawm cov duab tsis xws luag ntawm zaj duab xis. Yog lawm. Rau qhov shrinkage kab noj hniav, tsuas yog qhov loj ntawm qhov pom tseeb ntawm txhua qhov tsis xws luag yog ntsuas, tsis yog qhov loj ntawm cov duab ntxoov ntxoo ib puag ncig. Thaum ob lossis ntau qhov tsis xws luag ib feem sib tshooj ntawm zaj duab xis, lawv qhov ntev yuav tsum tau ntsuas nyias. 5.1.3 Thaum qhov tsis xws luag txuas nrog rau qhov kev ntsuas yob (qhov chaw saib) ciam teb, nws yuav tsum tau suav nrog hauv cov ntsiab lus suav hauv thaj chaw ntsuas. 5.2 Cov qib tsis zoo ntawm lub qhov cua, xuab zeb thiab slag 5.2.1 Xaiv thaj chaw uas muaj ntau cov ntsiab lus tsis raug ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab tsis zoo raws li thaj chaw soj ntsuam. Qhov loj ntawm cheeb tsam kev ntsuam xyuas thiab qhov loj me me ntawm qhov tsis xws luag yog teev nyob rau hauv Table 6 thiab 7. Table 6 Qhov loj ntawm cheeb tsam kev ntsuam xyuas thiab qhov loj dua cov ntsiab lus tso cai ntawm pores Table 7. Qhov loj ntawm cheeb tsam kev soj ntsuam thiab cov ntsiab lus loj dua ntawm cov xuab zeb. thiab slag suav nrog 5.2.2 Tus naj npawb ntawm cov ntsiab lus rau ib qho tsis xws luag yuav tsum tau teev nyob rau hauv Table 8 thiab raws li qhov loj ntawm qhov tsis xws luag. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tsis xws luag me dua li teev hauv Table 9 Tej zaum yuav tsis raug suav. Table 8 Tus naj npawb ntawm cov ntsiab lus rau ib tus neeg tsis xws luag Table 9 tsis suav cov lej ntawm qhov tsis xws luag piv rau qhov loj dua qhov tso cai 5.2.3 Cov ntsiab lus ntawm ob lossis ntau qhov tsis xws yuav tsum yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm txhua qhov tsis xws luag hauv cheeb tsam kev ntsuas. Nws tuaj yeem raug soj ntsuam raws li Table 6 thiab Table 7 feem, tab sis qhov loj ntawm cov qhov hws loj heev, cov xuab zeb clamps thiab ntxuav clamps tso cai rau qib 1 yuav tsum tsis pub tshaj qhov teev tseg hauv Table io thiab Table 11 raws li. Table 10 Qhov loj qhov pore loj tau tso cai rau thawj qhov tsis xws luag Table 11 Sib piv cov xuab zeb loj thiab ntxuav qhov ntau thiab tsawg tau tso cai rau thawj qhov tsis xws luag 5.3 Qhov tsis zoo qib ntawm cov kab noj hniav 5.3.1. Xaiv ib feem loj ntawm qhov ntev lossis thaj tsam ntawm qhov tsis xws luag ntawm qhov tsis zoo rau kev ntsuas. Qhov loj ntawm cheeb tsam kev soj ntsuam thiab qhov loj dua qhov tso cai ntawm qhov tsis xws luag yog teev nyob rau hauv Table 12 los yog 13. Table 12 Loj tso cai ntev ntawm satin rau strip shrinkage qhov tsis xws luag Table 13 Qhov loj qhov tso cai cheeb tsam ntawm dendritic shrinkage kab noj hniav defects 5.3.2 Shrinkage kab noj hniav tsis zoo tuaj yeem muab faib ua cov kab noj hniav shrinkage, dendritic shrinkage kab noj hniav thiab cheeb tsam loj shrinkage kab noj hniav raws li lawv cov duab. 5.3.3 Kev suav ntawm qhov tsis xws luag qhov ntev ntawm lub strip shrinkage qhov: ib lub strip shrinkage qhov yuav siv sij hawm qhov ntev ntawm qhov shrinkage qhov ntev raws li qhov tsis xws luag; Ob los yog ntau tshaj strip shrinkage qhov yog qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov ntev ntawm txhua qhov shrinkage raws li qhov tsis xws luag. Thaum lub qhov shrinkage nyob rau ntawm tus ciam teb ntawm thaj tsam kev ntsuam xyuas, ib feem sab nraud ntawm qhov tsis xws luag yuav tsum tau suav nrog. 5.3.4 Kev suav ntawm qhov tsis xws luag ntawm cov kab noj hniav dendritic shrinkage kab noj hniav: ib qho dendritic shrinkage kab noj hniav yog cov khoom ntawm qhov ntev ntawm qhov tsis xws luag thiab qhov dav dav ntawm cov khoom orthogonal ntawm qhov tsis xws luag ntawm cov kab noj hniav; Ob los yog ntau tshaj dendritic shrinkage kab noj hniav yog qhov sib npaug ntawm thaj chaw ntawm txhua qhov shrinkage kab noj hniav raws li qhov chaw tsis xws luag. Thaum lub qhov shrinkage nyob rau ntawm tus ciam teb ntawm thaj tsam kev ntsuam xyuas, ib feem sab nraud ntawm qhov tsis xws luag yuav tsum tau suav nrog. 5.3.5 Thaum muaj ob qho tib si dendritic thiab stripe-shaped shrinkage kab noj hniav nyob rau hauv qhov kev ntsuam xyuas, lub stripe-shaped shrinkage kab noj hniav yuav tsum suav hais tias yog cov ceg shrinkage kab noj hniav rau kev ntsuam xyuas. Qhov ntev ntawm lub stripe-shaped shrinkage kab noj hniav yuav tsum yog qhov ntev ntawm lub stripe-shaped shrinkage kab noj hniav, thiab qhov dav yuav tsum yog ib feem peb ntawm qhov ntev. 5.3.6. Qhov loj-chaw shrinkage defect yog xam los ntawm cov khoom ntawm qhov loj qhov ntev ntawm qhov tsis xws luag multiplied los ntawm qhov loj qhov dav orthogonal rau nws. 5.3.7 Qib i shrinkage kab noj hniav yuav tsum raug soj ntsuam raws li qhov ntev lossis thaj tsam ntawm qhov tsis xws luag hauv cheeb tsam ntsuas. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kab noj hniav me me dua li tau teev tseg hauv Table 14 Tej zaum yuav tsis raug suav tias yog qhov tsis xws luag. 5.3.8 Strip shrinkage kab noj hniav yuav tsum raug soj ntsuam raws li iz raws li qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov tsis xws luag nyob rau hauv kev ntsuam xyuas G; Lub dendritic shrinkage kab noj hniav tau soj ntsuam raws li Table 13 raws li qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov chaw tsis xws luag hauv cheeb tsam kev soj ntsuam. Qhov loj ntawm qhov shrinkage yog ntsuas raws li qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov tsis xws luag hauv cheeb tsam kev soj ntsuam raws li qhov tseem ceeb hauv cov kab nrib pleb hauv Table 13. Table 14 Qhov loj dua ntawm cov kab noj hniav shrinkage tsis zoo yam tsis muaj kev ntsuam xyuas 5.3.9 Crack (kub tawg thiab txias tawg) , sab hauv chiller tsis fused thiab av nkos core txhawb tsis fused rau zaj duab xis kuv yuav tsum muab cais raws li qib 6. 5.4 Kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm qhov tsis xws luag 5.4.1 Hauv cheeb tsam kev ntsuam xyuas, yog tias muaj ob lossis ntau hom kev puas tsuaj tib lub sijhawm, kev faib tawm yuav tsum tau ua raws li cov hom kev tsis xws luag, thiab tom qab ntawd qhov kev ntsuam xyuas dav dav yuav tsum tau ua raws li txoj hauv kev muab hauv 5.42 ~ 5.4.4. 5.4.2 Hauv cheeb tsam kev ntsuam xyuas, yog tias muaj qhov tsis xws luag ntawm homogeneous lossis ob hom av thiab qib tsis yooj yim, qib qis yuav tsum raug coj los ua qhov kev ntsuam xyuas dav. 5.4.3 Hauv cheeb tsam kev ntsuam xyuas, yog tias muaj ob lossis ntau hom kev tsis xws luag nrog tib qib, qhov kev ntsuam xyuas dav yuav raug txo los ntawm ib theem. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ob los yog ntau tshaj ntawm Class i defects, 'qhov tsis xws luag yuav tsum tau muab faib ua Class 2 thaum tus naj npawb, ntev los yog cheeb tsam ntawm qhov tsis xws luag tshaj 1/2 ntawm tus nqi tso cai. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tsis xws luag tau muab faib ua qib 2 raws li Table 10 lossis Table 11, lossis qhov tsis xws luag tau faib ua qib 2 raws li Table 9 thiab Table 14, uas yog dhau qhov kev siv ntawm Qib kuv yam tsis muaj qhov sib piv loj ntawm qhov tsis xws luag, yuav raug cais raws li qib 2 txawm tias nws yog sib xyaw nrog lwm yam kev tsis zoo 2. 5.4.4 Yog tias tus kws tshuaj xyuas xav tias qhov tsis xws luag muaj kev phom sij rau kev nyab xeeb, nws tuaj yeem txiav txim tias tsis tsim nyog. Hlau castings ntawm li qub yuav tsum raug tshuaj xyuas ib pliag tom qab hnav thiab txiav, thiab yuav tsum tau soj ntsuam rau ntau yam tsis xws luag ntawm qhov chaw raws li cov duab teev hauv cov qauv no (saib Tshooj 4). Cov qauv no tau sau 12 hom hnub nyoog tsis xws luag (saib 4.1--4.12, txhua yam tsis xws luag suav nrog 5 tus neeg sawv cev los ntawm A, B, C, D thiab E. Txhua yam tsis xws luag [hom a} teeb c}} cov ntsiab lus hauv cov duab ntsuas yog piav qhia tsuas yog rau qhov chaw tsis xws luag Cov hom thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm ntau yam defects yog piav raws li hauv qab no: 1 Range Cov qauv no qhia txog hom thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm qhov tsis xws luag hauv cov li qub, flanges, yeeb nkab fittings thiab lwm yam compression steel castings Kev tshuaj xyuas thiab kev lees paub ntawm qhov zoo ntawm cov li qub, flanges, cov yeeb nkab fittings thiab lwm yam compression steel castings 2. Kev ntsuam xyuas qhov zoo ntawm cov hlau castings yuav tsum tau soj ntsuam ib pliag tom qab kho thiab txiav, thiab qhov tsis xws luag ntawm cov hlau castings yuav tsum tau soj ntsuam. raug soj ntsuam raws li cov duab teev nyob rau hauv tus qauv no (saib Tshooj 4). , B, C, D thiab E, ob qhov xwm txheej qhia los ntawm A thiab B yog qhov lees txais (tsim nyog), thiab peb qhov xwm txheej ntawm C, D thiab E yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg (tsis tsim nyog) qhov tsis zoo. Nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov teeb meem tshwm sim los ntawm waxes siv tib tus qauv los txiav txim qhov loj ntawm overwidth ntawm casting nto, 60 daim duab muab rau hauv tus qauv no yog cov piv txwv ntawm qhov loj me me ntawm ib qho 4 X 100 mm X 125 mm cheeb tsam ntawm qhov teev casting. nto. 3. 2 Txhua yam tsis xws luag hauv cov duab ntsuas [Hom a} teeb c}} cov ntsiab lus tau piav qhia tsuas yog siv rau qhov tsis xws luag. Cov hom thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm txhua qhov chaw tsis xws luag tau piav qhia raws li hauv qab no: a} tawg: linear tawg rau saum npoo ntawm cov hlau castings vim yog kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ntxhov siab sab hauv thiab sab nraud. Feem ntau pom cov kab nrib pleb tsis tsim nyog. b) Shrinkage kab noj hniav: Vim yog hlau}}L-1}}, nyob rau hauv lub pouring thiab riser txiav ntawm steel castings, cov duab yog tsis tshua muaj tsis xwm yeem, phab ntsa yog ntxhib thiab muaj dendri zoo li siv lead ua qhov. C) Xuab zeb (slag) qhov: qhov nrog xuab zeb (slag) tsim nyob rau saum npoo ntawm cov hlau nrum vim yog kev koom tes ntawm cov xuab zeb rau hauv cov hlau molten. d) Pores: vim yog cov roj sib xyaw hauv cov hlau molten, thiab tsim qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov skim l", lub qhov phab ntsa yog du thiab pear zoo li, puag ncig, oval lossis rab koob zoo li lub qhov. e (Ridged projection): Ib tug ncej (ridge) zoo li tus hlau projection nyob rau saum npoo ntawm ib tug hlau cam khwb cia cov duab ntawm qhov tsis xwm yeem, reticular los yog vein-zoo li faib ntawm burrs hu ua veins f) Rat Tail: ntiav (tsawg dua 5 ~) indentations nrog rau cov ces kaum raug tsim nyob rau saum npoo ntawm cov skimmer vim qhov tsis xws luag los yog deformation ntawm cov xuab zeb nto g) Txias sib cais thiab crease: penetrative los yog impenetrable crevices tsim nyob rau saum npoo ntawm steel castings nyob rau hauv cov duab ntawm rounded fab vim tsis tiav kev koom ua ke. hom kev seev cev nyob rau hauv lub epidermis feem ntau nrog ib tug sib sib zog nqus network ntawm grooves hu ua creases h) txiav caws pliav: lub caws pliav sab laug los ntawm kev hnav khaub ncaws tsis tsim nyog nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm tu, txiav, pouring thiab nce steel castings i) Scars: hlau protrusions tsim rau nto ntawm steel castings yog caws pliav. Qhov saum npoo yog ntxhib, ntug yog ntse, muaj lub suab me me cia siab hlau thiab lub cev tes tuav lub cev yog txuas nrog, thiab muaj cov xuab zeb txheej ntawm qhov caws pliav thiab cov casting. j} Brace caws pliav: Ib qho caws pliav nyob rau saum npoo ntawm cov hlau cam vim tias cov tub ntxhais brace lossis cov chiller sab hauv ua tsis tau tiav. k) Vuam caws pliav: lub caws pliav sab laug ntawm kev kho vuam ntawm cov hlau casting vim kev kho tsis zoo tom qab vuam. l) Rough nto: nto ntawm steel cam khwb cia yog tsis du thiab tsis sib xws. 4 Rating Diam duab 4. 1 Hom a): Crack